Desensitization From Lack Of Discretion - 1614 Words

Eric J. Chiaramonte Professor Syrena Lore ENG 122 27 November 2014 Desensitization from Lack of Discretion Leads to Corruption While censorship is a topic of hot debate what’s important to remember is it shouldn’t be fueled by opinion. The risks of not paying this debate appropriate attention could be the rise of a tyrannical government, loss of freedoms such as our freedom of speech and our freedom of press, and a stronger presence of authority in our lives on the one side. On the other side our country’s moral fabric could come apart, there could be a rise in violence, and the innocence of our children is at risk. It is the innocence of our children that we are going to take a closer look at. What part does uncensored media play in the desensitization of our youth? Why should we be concerned about this issue? What are the immediate implications of immoral media in our children’s lives? How does it affect our adolescence? Does all this play a part in how we prosper as adults? The media left uncensored has lasting negative psychological effects on our children which in turn lends to poor decision making, violence and other immoral choices which in turn degrades our individual lives as we get older and society as a whole. How does psychology play a role in media censorship? Psychologists have been studying the effects of television on our children since as early as the 1950’s. â€Å"As a result of 15 years of â€Å"consistently disturbing† findings about the violent content ofShow MoreRelatedUtilizing Video Games to Achieve Open and Honest Communication between Parent and Child1015 Words   |  4 Pagesmurder, torture, grand theft auto, and the solicitation of prostitutes. Although this is an extreme example of a violent video game, it serves as a good base of understanding as far as what is available to the public. The current question that has risen from this game is, do violent video games evoke violent tendencies in kids? I would argue no, this is not the cause for violent tendencies in kids. As well, my stance on this subject is that having access to games like this is not a problem of the gameRead MoreDignity Is The Foundation Of Our American Criminal Justice System1732 Words   |  7 Pagesby society and themselves. From my perspective, dignity is the nourishment and affirmation of one’s self-esteem; in other words, fuel that every human possesses and should have preserved to remain mentally whole. However, prominent 19th century social reformers like Jeremy Bentham were critical of the notion that prisoners ought to possess declared rights. Bentham thought it was naà ¯ve to reason that declared rights could exist outside the law; his criticism derives from a theoretical commitment toRead MoreViolence in the Media Essay3310 Words   |  14 Pages Violence in Media and Subliminal Messages Media negatively impacts its viewers, resulting in violent behavior through desensitization, creating fearful and aggressive attitudes, while reducing their ability to be creative, which will only worsen in the future due to the magnification and importance on violence in society today. Violence and aggression were once seen as shameful; however acts of aggression have increased by 46% since the 1970’s and by 2030 are expected to increase by another 24%Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )2740 Words   |  11 Pagesdifferent effect on the victim. First is the Normal Stress Response. This is when a healthy adult has been revealed to one single traumatic event in their adult life, that can cause them to experience extremely horrifying memories and being cut off from relationships. However, these individuals can fulfill completion of this in just a few weeks. Then there is the Acute Stress Disorder. This type of PTSD is eminent by panic reactions, mental confusion, suspiciousness, and being unable to manage basicRead MoreEssay on The Corruption of Media3049 Words   |  13 Pagespossible cause for the shocking rise in violence on Americas’ school campuses. Communications technology is expanding through the entire global community. Children everywhere are being born into a world of images and messages, which are largely separated from their home, school and spiritual lives. In society today storytellers are seldom parents, grandparents, teachers or the clergy; instead they are the handful of distant forces with something to sell. What is unique about the media industry is thatRead MoreAre Teenagers the Dumbest Generation Ever?3117 Words   |  13 Pagesgenerations that preceded them? It is a heavily biased discussion often based on generalization, where both sides need a prospect for thorough review to be able to make a point that upholds validity, not just from opinion, but from fact. Bauerlein’s book elicited an uproarious response from the public, thus we are able to observe and analyze a contentious argument for either side, both of whom present valid points. Susan Jacoby, author of The Age of American Unreason, claims, The scales of AmericanRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front2471 Words   |  10 Pagesbegin to harbor distaste for their former teacher, Kantorek, for encouraging them to join the army. All of the men also struggle against the knowledge that they are fighting and killing men just like themselves. 2. The technological innovations (and lack thereof) of the war affect the lives of the soldiers daily, on and off of the battlefield. Machine guns, hand grenades, gas, razor wire, and more tools of war are used to kill soldiers on the battlefield, while limbs and lives are lost in hospitalsRead MoreEssay on Effects of TV Violence on Children2966 Words   |  12 Pagestelevision as a prominent variable in childhood and adolescent aggressiveness. The prevalence of violence in television is rampant. It is as addictive as a drug to the children and adolescents, and is accomplishing two extreme reactions: a desensitization towards pain and suffering in the world, and instilling fear of the world as a dark, cold place. Although violence in all media has become a prominent issue, the focus has mainly been on television because it has had the most influence

The Problem Of Plastic Surgery - 3254 Words

Valeria Lukyanova, a Romanian young woman had more than a hundred surgeries in order to look like Barbie. She decided to have a huge number of plastic surgeries, regardless of the price, just to reach her ideal physical appearance. As shocking as it can be, these examples make people realize that looks are very important in our society and that plastic surgery is therefore becoming a little too common. Today a real addiction to plastic surgery might be threatening our world. Plastic surgery is spreading more and more nowadays due to better knowledge in medicine but also to the changes in people’s attitudes and state of mind. It used to be a way to help people in real need but is now used for small details people want to change, because their look mostly determines their level of self-esteem. In fact, beauty is taking a lot of importance and so does â€Å"sexiness†. The image of the perfect human given by the media has been changing the way people see themselves. Plastic surgery has become more common because it is an easy way to change physical appearance. However, the number of eating disorders has also increased but for people who can afford it, it is always more convenient to get an operation. Plastic surgery should not be as common because it makes people fake in a way. It occurs when people are obsessed with their looks and will have as many surgeries as they can to be as close to â€Å"their† perfection as they can be. It can be said that there is an addiction to plastic surgeryShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Extreme Plastic Surgery1019 Words   |  5 Pages Extreme Plastic Surgery means someone who goes overboard with their appearance. Some people spend money to look good, but they do not stop there. They will continue to get surgery and the result will not be pretty. Most people do surgery because some are not satisfied with what the look. They want to change the outside so they could have looks and confident they need. In the present, more and more people are getting plastic surgery do then those back then. It is a trend most people do toRead MoreShould Plastic Surgery Be A Severe Problem? Essay1429 Words   |  6 Pagestake it to a superficial route i t can become a severe problem. Plastic surgery is an example of some form of cosmetic ‘improvement’ that can become a severe problem. Plastic surgeries used for cosmetics take place all over the world and it is not strictly limited to wealthier countries. A luxury such as this may be thought of being taken upon by mostly wealthier people, but Brazil is an example of a poorer country that has many plastic surgery operations. Having only a GDP of 11,208.08 USD (grossRead MorePlastic Surgery : Physical Or Emotional Problem?1988 Words   |  8 PagesPlastic Surgery: Physical or Emotional Problem? Nowadays, plastic surgery has become an extremely popular and powerful procedure for people, especially for women, to fit in their notion of beauty associated with gender, race, ethnics and social class. Plastic surgery pressures people to appear more physically attractive to model ideals and be more socially accepted in society, as beauty is a construct based entirely on childhood impressions, influences and role models. Some other people in theirRead MoreDisadvantages of Plastic Surgery1195 Words   |  5 PagesDRAFT OUTLINE DISADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC SURGERY I. Introduction Just like almost every other thing in the world, plastic surgery also has its own disadvantages such as causing addiction, leading to health problems and involving a highly cost procedure. II. Body A. Plastic surgery has the potential to become an addiction. (Casey Holley, 2011) 1. Patients have low self-esteem. (Casey Holley, 2011) Read MoreEssay on Plastic Surgery for Teenagers953 Words   |  4 PagesPlastic Surgery is a controversial topic nowadays. Some men and women believe that plastic surgery is a great chance to have finally the body, face, and even romantic life always dreamed about. In the U.S. the plastic surgery television shows have made these ideas more popular and common than ever. Some men and women have other reasons for want plastic surgery Such as people who want plastic surgery have disfigurements to the face or body because of birth defects or genetic problems. The rise inRead MoreBeauty Is No Longer A Personal Matter1202 Words   |  5 Pagesthe help of the mass media, a number of computer edited images are presented to the public, and these images are often promoted as â€Å"beautiful.† Many people seek to alter their appearances through surgeries, and some even become obsessed with the thought of beauty that they go through numerous surgeries in attempt to achieve the â €Å"perfect look.† These obsessive thoughts with regards to beauty can be explained through the interactionist perspective, in which shared meanings are established through theRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesWhen you hear the phrase â€Å"Plastic Surgery† what comes to mind? Maybe dangerous, and risky, or do you think about the scalpel and all the cutting and all the blood? I myself think about how it’s only for rich celebrities who have a couple extra hundreds of thousands of dollars to spend. We have a bad habit of overlooking all the good things that plastic surgery can achieve. From life altering surgeries and saving lives, by highly qualified surgeons, to giving people more confidence and getting ridRead MorePlastic Surgery: Why Is so Popular? Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesPlastic surgery is medical process through which people can make their physical aspect look better. There are two major kinds of plastic surgeries: cosmetic and reconstructive. People are and have always concern about their body image and the perspective that other could have about it. Therefore, people are always looking for the solution, which most of the time end up being the plastic surgery. Where these procedures originated? Moreover, how do we get to the actual point of plastic surgery? ClearlyRead MoreEffects Of Technology On Plastic Surgery1281 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology on Plastic Surgery Ludwig Wittgenstein ,a british philosopher,once said, â€Å"The human body is the best picture of the human soul.† Though this may be untrue, or widely disagreed with, it shows that people are judged by their appearance. But what if someone is born unattractive, should they stay that way for their entire life? If there is a cure to disfigurement, does that mean people should ignore it just because it’s frowned upon? According to the world book encyclopedia,â€Å"Plastic surgery is aRead MorePlastic Surgery Addiction1100 Words   |  5 Pages3 May 2013 Plastic Surgery Addiction Every year society is bombed with thousands of images of beautiful models and celebrities. This â€Å"reality† affect the sub-conscientious of many people with low self-steam and fill the mind of men and women with insecurities about their body images. Plastic surgery appears as an easy solution to this matter, but actually, cosmetic surgery can be just the tip of the iceberg of a more complex issue related with body images problems. Plastic surgery is not always

Alcohol Dependency Problem Drinking Free Essays

Alcohol Dependency Problem Drinking John Greenwald Edinboro University Introduction It is difficult to locate someone in the United States who feels that alcohol dependency and problem drinking is not a national problem. (Anton, R. 2010) Alcohol dependency and problem drinking has been at the forefront of policy debates at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels regarding healthcare expenses and outcomes, legal matters, and social implications for generations. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol Dependency: Problem Drinking or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most times it is addressed in conjunction with drug abuse. (Anton, R. 010) A general population survey conducted earlier last decade estimated that the prevalence of problem drinking at 4. 65% and alcohol dependence at 3. 81% respectively in the United States. (Huebner Wolfgang-Kantor, 2011) There are numerous ways to treat alcohol related disorders. Here are three of those interventions auricular acupuncture, 12 step based recovery programs, and moderation management program. Auricular Acupuncture Auricular acupuncture is a holistic approach that originated in the United States during the 80’s. This form of acupuncture is widely used to treat alcohol dependency in the United States and United Kingdom as an alternative holistic approach. (Alster, M. 2010) The treatment uses five auricular acupuncture points referred to as NADA protocol, the acupuncture points are located in the ear. This intervention is rooted in traditional Chinese medicine. (Alster, M. 2010) The acupuncture points used during this treatment are similar from client to client. (Alster, M. 010) The treatment modality is used in conjunction with traditional alcohol detoxification protocols, as to protect the client from physiological harm from detoxing from alcohol. One study the reported short term benefits of this intervention included feelings of relaxation, contentment, and enjoyment mixed with more long term benefits like analgesia, increases in sleep quality, and a reduction in alcohol consumption, anxiety, and cravings. (Alster, M. 2010) In addition to the positive short term benefits there were some ne gative side effects that were reported such as feelings of light eadedness, burning sensations, and feelings of heat at needle sites. (Alster, M. 2010) Furthermore, there were some initial reports of anxiety even before treatment started which was found to be largely attributed to a client’s fear of needles, doubt of effectiveness, and fear of something foreign. (Alster, M. 2010) Many of these negative side effects dissipated as time passed. (Alster, M. 2010) The aforementioned study of this modality paints an overall positive view of this approach however another study drew correlations that were not as positive. The later study did find similar short term results which included a reduction in alcohol consumption and an improvement in overall psychological well-being. (Ashton, Nodiyal, Green, Moore, Heather, 2009) However, the long term results failed to indicate significant indications of the overall effectiveness of auricular acupuncture in long term reduction in consumption, anxiety, and cravings. (Ashton et al. , 2009) 12-Step Based Recovery Programs Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was founded in 1935, by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith, as self-help 12-step abstinence based approach to spiritual and character development. (Huebner Wolfgang-Kantor, 2011) To this day, the AA fellowship is free to join for anyone who is alcoholic and wants to be a member which makes it an appealing option for many resource strapped clients and social workers. Later in the 1950’s the (AA) model was introduced into a professional setting by a non-profit organization called Hazelden Foundation, which is still used widely by many treatment facilities today. (Huebner Wolfgang-Kantor, 2011) The Hazelden model calls for an individualized intervention plan, which includes family involvement, in the context of a 28 day inpatient setting combined with participation in AA while in treatment and post treatment as a part of an aftercare plan. Typically in this model clients also undergo cognitive-behavioral therapy and/or motivational enhancement therapy which focuses on negative consequences resulting from alcohol use and identification of triggers which can be people, places, things, and events. (Huebner Wolfgang-Kantor, 2011) In one study researchers found hat clients who suffered from alcoholism only, whom did not have a dual diagnosis or a co-occurring diagnosis, who utilized this intervention, had more abstinent days than those treated by other methods. These individuals showed significant positive outcomes which included a higher percentage of abstinent days and a decreased number of drinks consumed on drinking days. (Huebner Wolfgang-Kantor, 2011) Additionally those who used medications to help manage side effects such as cravings and anxiety reported even better outcomes. (Huebner Wolfgang-Kantor, 2011) Another study suggests that there is a lack of effectiveness and perhaps even harm inflicted by the 12 step model. (Miller, J. 2008) This study implies, â€Å"that despite decades of dominance of approaches based on 12 step principles, there have been no rigorously controlled research designs comparing 12 step treatment outcomes to no-treatment controls, and a recent review found no gains in outcome for 12 step interventions over alternative interventions. † (Miller, J. 2008) The counter research suggests that interventions which are based off of the Hazelden model â€Å"appear at best ineffective and perhaps even harmful. (Miller, J. 2008) Additionally it is noteworthy that there seems to be a lack of evidence based research that supports positive outcomes greater than negative outcomes. (Miller, J. 2008) The ethics and values of many helping professions are to empower clients to overcome their own issues and to achieve the right to self-determination. With that being said t he 12 step model instills moral guilt, deviance, and labeling while infusing its members with feelings of powerlessness and dependence on the fellowship of AA thus using external rather than internal forces to effect change. Miller, J. 2008) The disease concept of alcoholism is a central tenant to the 12 step model; it â€Å"pathologizes† individual clients by removing focus from social and mental processes that may attributing to the alcoholic behaviors. (Miller, J. 2008) The intervention appears to â€Å"reinforce counter therapeutic cognitions and behaviors. † (Miller, J. 2008) Furthermore it has been noted that the 12 step culture itself can be hostile and scrutinizing towards non-adherents. (Miller, J. 2008) Moderation Management In the 1960’s professionals in the addiction field started to ask the uestion, can alcoholics learn to control their drinking or must they abstain completely from alcohol? Moderation Management (MM) is a mutual help fellowship desi gned for problem drinkers, not alcohol dependent people, who wish to pursue a goal of moderate drinking. (Lembke Humphreys, 2012) MM’s is based on the problem drinkers individual ability to adhere to MM guidelines, which first includes a 30 day period of abstinence which is then followed by limits on daily alcohol intake. (Lembke Humphreys, 2012) The primary goal being moderate drinking, not abstinence, which can be obtained by following a 9 step approach. Lembke Humphreys, 2012) One study found that alcohol dependent clients found more positive outcomes with the 12-step recovery model. Data showed that people who reported to be only problem drinkers, without alcohol dependence, were able to recover from a diagnosed problem by a rate of 30-60% depending on whether they received treatment or just attended MM. (Lembke Humphreys, 2012) There were reports of people who identified as problem drinkers, but were really alcohol dependent, who eventually left MM because they reali zed they could not drink in moderation and needed an abstinence based intervention. Lembke Humphreys, 2012) MM widens the range of attractive options available to people with alcohol disorders. Some clinicians feel that MM is a good place to start because it can be appealing to alcohol dependent people who are adamantly opposed to abstaining entirely. (Lembke Humphreys, 2012) These same people eventually realize, because of MM’s 9 step program, that they are not able to drink in moderation and after defeat in this avenue may become more willing to try an abstinent only intervention such as AA thus serving as a starting point for anyone with an alcohol disorder. Lembke Humphreys, 2012) Interventions such as MM reinforces many helping professions code of ethics in the sense that it puts the client in the control of finding what works best for them and aids them in achieving self-efficacy. (Miller, J. 2008) Conclusion To pick one intervention that I feel is the best pick for evidence based practice in Social Work would be difficult. This is something that each clinician will have to decide on a client by client basis. Starting where the client is will help the Social Worker determine which intervention is best. I found that there is a lack of scientific research which gave any kind of correlations to any one of these interventions. Much of the research suggests that a combination of interventions along with starting where the client is what produces the best results and that no exact intervention was a smoking gun. If I had to pick one intervention that I feel is most useful in terms of helping a client who presented with alcohol dependency or who described themselves as problem drinkers, the intervention I would chose would be Moderation Management, if ethically appropriate. MM allows the client to choose his or her direction with where they are at in their alcohol dependency or problem drinking. Thus, allowing them to decide for themselves if they want to simply moderate their consumption or abstain entirely. References Zemore, S. , Kaskutas, L. (2008). 12-step involvement and peer helping in day hospital and residential programs. Substance Use Misuse, 48, 1882-1903. Huebner, R. , Wolfgang Kantor, L. (2011). Advances in alcoholism treatment. Alcohol Research Health, 33(4), 295-299. Lembke, A. Humphreys, K. (2012). Moderation management: A mutual-help organization for problem drinkers who are not alcohol dependent. Journal of Groups in Addiction Recovery, 7, 130-141. Alster, M. (2010). Auricular acupuncture at calvary alcohol other drug services: The first year. Journal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society, 16(2), 73-75. Ashton, H. , Nodiyal, A. , Green, D. , Moore, B. , Heather, N. (2009). Acupuncture or counseling: outcomes and predic tors of treatment choice in a non-statutory addiction service. Journal of Substance Use, 14(3-4), 151-160. Anton, R. (2010). Substance abuse is a disease of the human brain: Focus on alcohol. Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics, Winter 2010, 735-744. Miller, J. (2008). 12-step treatment for alcohol and substance abuse revisited: Best available evidence suggests lack of effectiveness or harm. Int J Ment Health Addiction, 6, 568-576. AA Intergroup. (n. d. ). Online intergroup Alcoholics Anonymous publications. In online Intergroup: Alcoholics Anonymous. http://www. aa-intergroup. org/. How to cite Alcohol Dependency: Problem Drinking, Papers

The Color of Magic Review Essay Example

The Color of Magic Review Paper Essay on The Color of Magic Imagine our real world. What happens when you turn it inside out? To turn everything upside down? The Earth is flat. Location technology will replace the magic. The physical laws of the universe will begin to obey the whims of the gods of idleness cerned somewhere in the top and playing dice. Death ceases to be terrible ephemeral essence, from which there is no salvation anywhere Discworld this is the reverse side of the world. The place where all the way around, inside and out. This is where the logic is not brought to the point of absurdity, and an absurdity built into the laws of logic. Just look at the characters in The Color of Magic The Librarian. It would seem, well, it would be possible here to distort? In all the worlds the librarians if they are there it poluuchenye ladies and gentlemen, in which other actors can provide valuable, often long and overarching information. Whom do we see in Ankh-Morpork the library, the main town Discworld? Orangutan! Sweet, red, sometimes sad orangutan, of which a maximum of what can be achieved this is the phrase Ooh-to. And that gives the book is not for a library card, and for bananas. For librarians, too, need something to eat. The tourist Twoflower. The first in the history of the Discworld tourist. Yes, and part-time insurance agent. Let us recall what are the tourists in other fantasy worlds. Most often, these are people from other worlds, faraway countries. Often possess remarkable sharpness and different skills that help them to get out of difficult situations in which they will tighten the authors. Twoflower not. Absolutely. He does not understand that walking around with a huge amount of money through the dark alleys of the city is dangerous, do not realize that the ancient gods terrible not shoot at the camera and do not try to have maliciously configured to ask the Dryads in protected forest how to get to your destination. And Twoflower sincerely do not understand. He Tourist and all in his journey is perceived through the prism of confidence that the very word tourism gives him automatic immunity to any trouble We will write a custom essay sample on The Color of Magic Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Color of Magic Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Color of Magic Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The gods.. Oh, every fantasy world of their gods, but they live on a clearly defined, delimited to the laws given to them by the Creator, or the universe itself. Gods in the fantasy worlds is the very essence of logic, even perverse, sometimes missing, but somehow subordinate to the basic laws of the universe. Gods of the Discworld live outside the law. Not because they had not been established, no. Just because they are not interested. Boring. Gods Discworld recognize only one law, or rather the rules of the game: throw of the dice and the value in it fell. Their intervention in the lives of people who worship them are regulated by the dice. Lucky evil of a hero dragon ate. Lucky good Dragon broke his teeth on the armor of the hero. The whole life of the gods the essence of the game, and nothing more The death of.. The unique character of Discworld. Only here Death (by the way, is He) has a physical embodiment. Skeleton, wrapped in a black cloak with a hood and a large, ostroottochennoy oblique. Only in this world, death can apologize to the city dweller, who accidentally stepped on the foot. Only then death can learn to play cards instead of having to pick up his soul came to him in the hands of tourists. Only in this world, death is the house and has a daughter. Let the reception, but still. Only then death can dream about vacation The Color of Magic can not be taken as an ordinary book in the style of humorous fantasy. In that sense, this book is in the style of humorous fantasy about a humorous fantasy. Here, everything that happens to the heroes of the book, one way or another will be familiar to you. And the heroes of the second plan, found here, have clear, though grotesque features characters from other fantasy books. That, apparently, was the idea of ​​Pratchett -. Turn inside out the real world, and in addition to laugh at themselves and their fellows in the shop The book deserves to be read. And not because its famous Pratchett; not because it is the first book of the Discworld. And because it is a book about a completely different, ironic, good fantasy, unlike more than anything else. Even on himself.

The reformation essays

The reformation essays The reformation period was one of the most significant events in modern european history because it was the spark that would eventually smother the fiery dominance of religious leaders in politics and would incite a modern world where the most advanced societies now embrace a division of church and state and a tolerance to freedom of worship. Through the acts of revolting peasants and the minds of a new set of leaders such as Martin Luther, Queen Elizabeth and Popes Paul III practice would be born. Much of what we experience today in the most modern societies in our religious and political freedoms is a result of this most significant time in history. Indeed, if the events did not take place, what we now consider modern society may have looked completely different. Martin Luther, although only a monk, is credited with starting the Reformation by challenging the affairs of the church. Luther had been appalled by the selling of indulgences and engendered the 95 thesis, upsetting Johann Tetzel by posting it on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg. Word spread quickly about Luthers revolutionary ideas which instigated people to question church authority. This lack of confidence in the ways of the church led to a new autonomy in pedestrian thinking and helped to create a downfall in absolute power in the Catholic Church. Without this epiphany by the people of Europe, brought upon by Luther, the Church may have continued to monopolize European thought and politics. Queen Elizabeth, Henry Vllls third child to rule England, shaped religious thinking and its relationship to political power like no woman had done before. By promoting concessions that would lead to a uniting of Protestantism and Catholicism under one Church she created religious peace and reduced the power of a single dominating religi...

USS Iowa (BB-61) Battleship

USS Iowa (BB-61) Battleship USS Iowa (BB-61) was the lead ship of the Iowa-class of battleships. The last and largest class of battleship constructed for the US Navy, the Iowa-class ultimately consisted of four ships. Following the pattern set by the preceding North Carolina- and  South Dakota-classes, the Iowa-classs design called for a heavy armament combined with a high top speed. This latter trait allowed them to serve as effective escorts for carriers. Commissioned in early 1943, Iowa was the only member of the class to see extensive service in both the Atlantic and Pacific theaters of  World War II. Retained at the end of the conflict, it later saw combat during the Korean War. Though decommissioned in 1958, Iowa was modernized and brought back into service during the 1980s. Design In early 1938, work commenced on a new battleship design at the behest of Admiral Thomas C. Hart, head of the US Navys General Board. Originally conceived as an enlarged version of the South Dakota-class, the new ships were to mount twelve 16 guns or nine 18 guns. As the design was revised, the armament became nine 16 guns. Additionally, the class anti-aircraft armament underwent several revisions with many of its 1.1 guns being replaced with 20 mm and 40 mm weapons. Funding for the new battleships came in May with the passage of the Naval Act of 1938. Dubbed the Iowa-class, construction of the lead ship, USS Iowa, was assigned to the New York Navy Yard. Intended as the first of four ships (two, Illinois and Kentucky were later added to the class but never completed), Iowa was laid down on June 17, 1940. Construction With the US entry into World War II following the attack on Pearl Harbor, construction of Iowa pushed forward. Launched on August 27, 1942, with Ilo Wallace, wife of Vice President Henry Wallace, as sponsor, Iowas ceremony was attended by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. Work on the ship continued for another six months and on February 22, 1943, Iowa was commissioned with Captain John L. McCrea in command. Departing New York two days later, it conducted a shakedown cruise in the Chesapeake Bay and along the Atlantic coast. A fast battleship, Iowas 33-knot speed allowed it to serve as an escort for the new Essex-class carriers that were joining the fleet. USS Iowa (BB-61) - Overview Nation: United StatesType: BattleshipShipyard: New York Naval ShipyardLaid Down: June 27, 1940Launched: August 27, 1942Commissioned: February 22, 1943Fate: Museum ship Specifications Displacement: 45,000 tonsLength: 887 ft., 3 in.Beam: 108 ft., 2 in.Draft: 37 ft., 2 in.Speed: 33 knotsComplement: 2,788 men Armament Guns 9 Ãâ€" 16 in./50 cal Mark 7 guns20 Ãâ€" 5 in./38 cal Mark 12 guns80 Ãâ€" 40 mm/56 cal anti-aircraft guns49 Ãâ€" 20 mm/70 cal anti-aircraft cannons Early Assignments Completing these operations as well as crew training, Iowa departed on August 27 for Argentia, Newfoundland. Arriving, it spent the next several weeks in the North Atlantic to protect against a potential sortie by the German battleship Tirpitz which had been cruising in Norwegian waters. By October, this threat had evaporated and Iowa steamed for Norfolk where it underwent a brief overhaul. The following month, the battleship carried President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull to Casablanca, French Morocco on the first part of their journey to the Tehran Conference. Returning from Africa in December, Iowa received orders to sail for the Pacific. Island Hopping Named Flagship of Battleship Division 7, Iowa departed on January 2, 1944, and entered combat operations later that month when it supported carrier and amphibious operations during the Battle of Kwajalein. A month later, it helped cover Rear Admiral Marc Mitschers carriers during a massive aerial attack on Truk before being detached for an anti-shipping sweep around the island. On February 19, Iowa and its sister ship USS New Jersey (BB-62) succeeded in sinking the light cruiser Katori. Remaining with Mitschers Fast Carrier Task Force, Iowa provided support as the carriers conducted attacks in the Marianas. On March 18, while serving as flagship for Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee, Commander Battleships, Pacific, the battleship fired on Mili Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Rejoining Mitscher, Iowa supported air operations in the Palau Islands and Carolines before shifting south to cover Allied attacks on New Guinea in April. Sailing north, the battleship supported air attacks on the Marianas and bombarded targets on Saipan and Tinian on June 13-14. Five days later, Iowa helped protect Mitschers carriers during the Battle of the Philippine Sea and was credited with downing several Japanese aircraft. Leyte Gulf After aiding in operations around the Marianas during the summer, Iowa shifted southwest to cover the invasion of Peleliu. With the conclusion of the battle, Iowa and the carriers mounted raids in the Philippines, Okinawa, and Formosa. Returning to the Philippines in October, Iowa continued to screen the carriers as General Douglas MacArthur commenced his landings on Leyte. Three days later, Japanese naval forces responded and the Battle of Leyte Gulf began. During the course of the fighting, Iowa remained with Mitschers carriers and raced north to engage Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawas Northern Force off Cape Engaà ±o. Nearing the enemy ships on October 25, Iowa and the other supporting battleships were ordered to return south to aid Task Force 38 which had come under attack off Samar. In the weeks after the battle, the battleship remained in the Philippines supporting Allied operations. In December, Iowa was one of many ships that were damaged when Admiral William Bull Halseys Third Fleet was hit by Typhoon Cobra. Suffering damage to a propeller shaft, the battleship returned to San Francisco for repairs in January 1945. Final Actions While in the yard, Iowa also underwent a modernization program which saw its bridge enclosed, new radar systems installed, and fire control equipment improved. Departing in mid-March, the battleship steamed west to take part in the Battle of Okinawa. Arriving two weeks after American troops had landed, Iowa resumed its previous duty of protecting the carriers operating offshore. Moving north in May and June, it covered Mitschers raids on the Japanese home islands and bombarded targets on Hokkaido and Honshu later that summer. Iowa continued to operate with the carriers until the end of hostilities on August 15. After overseeing the surrender of the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on August 27, Iowa and USS Missouri (BB-63) entered Tokyo Bay with other Allied occupation forces. Serving as Halseys flagship, Iowa was present when the Japanese formally surrendered aboard Missouri. Remaining in Tokyo Bay for several days, the battleship sailed for the United States on September 20. Korean War Taking part in Operation Magic Carpet, Iowa aided in transporting American troops home. Arriving at Seattle on October 15, it discharged its cargo before moving south to Long Beach for training operations. Over the next three years, Iowa continued with training, served a stint as flagship of the 5th Fleet in Japan, and had an overhaul. Decommissioned on March 24, 1949, the battleships time in the reserves proved brief as it was reactivated on July 14, 1951 for service in the Korean War. Arriving in Korean waters in April 1952, Iowa began shelling North Korean positions and provided gunfire support for the South Korean I Corps. Operating along the east coast of the Korean Peninsula, the battleship routinely struck targets ashore through the summer and fall. Departing the war zone in October 1952, Iowa sailed for an overhaul in Norfolk. Modernization After conducting a training cruise for the US Naval Academy in mid-1953, the battleship moved through a number of peacetime postings in the Atlantic and Mediterranean. Arriving at Philadelphia in 1958, Iowa was decommissioned on February 24. In 1982, Iowa found new life as part of President Ronald Reagans plans for a 600-ship navy. Undergoing a massive program of modernization, much of the battleships anti-aircraft armament was removed and replaced with armored box launchers for cruise missiles, MK 141 quad cell launchers for 16 AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles, and four Phalanx close-in weapons systems Gatling guns. In addition, Iowa received a full suite of modern radar, electronic warfare, and fire control systems. Re-commissioned on April 28, 1984, it spent the next two years conducting training and taking part in NATO exercises. Middle East Retirement In 1987, Iowa saw service in the Persian Gulf as part of Operation Earnest Will. For much of the year, it aided in escorting re-flagged Kuwaiti tanker through the region. Departing the following February, the battleship returned to Norfolk for routine repairs. On April 19, 1989, Iowa suffered an explosion in its Number Two 16 turret. The incident killed 47 crewmen and initial investigations suggested that the explosion was the result of sabotage. Later findings reported that the cause was most likely an accidental powder explosion. With the cooling of the Cold War, the US Navy began reducing the size of the fleet. The first Iowa-class battleship to be decommissioned, Iowa moved to reserve status on October 26, 1990. Over the next two decades, the ships status fluctuated as Congress debated the US Navys ability to provide gunfire support of US Marine Corps amphibious operations. In 2011, Iowa moved to Los Angeles where it was opened as a museum ship.

Trespass On The Person; Battery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trespass On The Person; Battery - Essay Example In the case of Wilkinson v Downtan [1897] 2 QB 57Â  emotional anguish was held to be battery, irrespective of the fact that there was no physical contact with the claimant. The defendant told the claimant as a form of bad joke that her husband had been seriously injured. The claimant suffered emotional distress and had to be taken to the hospital due to the shock suffered. The person being battered may not necessary be aware of the act or the harmful nature of the action being carried out against his/her person and causation may be direct or indirect. It is further not necessary to prove damage in order to get an award. The degree of offensive or harmful standard is measured against what a reasonable man in the omnibus would deem offensive or harmful, when he analyses the contact objectively. Further battery does not have to entail physical to physical contact, this is because, touching an object that is construed to be intimately connected to another person with the owners consent is also deemed to be battery. Further, there may be a disconnect of events between the defendants actions and the plaintiff damage; and still the court will construe battery to have occurred. If for example person A sets a trap for person B in the form of a mouse trap, battery occurs when person B is actually caught in the trap. As stated earlier it not material that the victim is aware that the tort is being carried out. A good example is when a doctor is performing a caesarian section and in the process decides to and the doctor for his own personal reasons decides to take uterus, then battery has occurred. Further battery occurs when the doctor allows the his visiting housewife to help with the operation, this is because the consent to the procedure only entails persons to who the patient agreed to and not persons she could not have anticipated take part in the process. Intent is another principle relevant to the tort of trespass to the person. It means that the person carrying o ut the tortuous act desires the consequences of his action. The American law institute further echoes this definition by construing intent to mean the consequences of the act rather than the act itself. There are various types of intents depending on the nature of one’s action consequences. Specific intent refers to a situation where A intended the actions arising from his conduct. A good example is when A, loads a gun, aims and fires at B. The subjective state that person A intended the consequence of his actions. General intent on the other hand refers to a situation where the consequences are far more reaching than the original though the actor was certain, or substantially certain of a degree of consequence. Then in such a case the law will conclude that he intended the magnitude of the consequences of his action. However, if the probability of a consequence occurring are minimal, then he the law will construe that it was mere negligence. Transferred intent occurs in a si tuation where a person A intends to assault person B but in the process, batters person C. There law will transfer intentions of A as to intending to also batter C. This was established in the case of Livingston v Ministry of defenc [1984] NILR 356 , A intended to hit B with a Baton, he accidentally missed and hit C instead. It was held that A battered C. The doctrine of transfer intent occurs in the cases of assault and battery, where an intended assault becomes a battery after the